Arthur James Balfour and the Balfour Declaration :: Middle East History

Arthur James Balfour and the Balfour Declaration Highly recognised for his continuous support of the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine and the Balfour Declaration, Arthur James Balfour is one of the most prominent individual figures that contributed to the seemingly inevitable declaration of the State of Israel in 1948. The Balfour declaration added a new dimension and even greater complications to the conflict between the Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The declaration was issued on November 2nd, 1917 on behalf of the British government announcing its support in the formation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It is contained in a letter from the British foreign secretary and former Prime Minister, Arthur James Balfour to a prominent British Jew, Lord Rothschild. There are 3 distinct parts in the declaration. First, it favours 'the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people'. By this declaration it became blatantly obvious that the British government, in which Balfour had a strong influence, recognised the Zionist contention that Jews had a claim to Palestine as a national home. The impact of the first clause of the declaration is somewhat lessened by the second which recognises the 'civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine'. Balfour intended to convince the Arabs that their rights would not be affected, thus the reason for the second clause os the declaration. All involved in this intricate declaration immediately saw that these two clauses could well turn out to be contradictory, which was exactly what transpired. It is found that this was the basic cause of Jewish-Arab hostility in Palestine until 1948. Instead of settling the aggression between Arabs and Jews, Balfour's declaration had the reverse effect. Jews were somewhat grateful for Balfour's intervention and support in the for the retaining of their 'rightful homeland', while the Arabs in Palestine despised the British government for allowing Balfour to intervene in such a manner. Hebrews, now known as Jews, believe Palestine is their rightful "homeland" in accordance to their Holy Book, the Torah and their covenant with their God. This is where the conflict lies because Muslims believe that Palestine is their rightful land as is said in their Holy Book, the Qur'aan. Thus being part of the reason of the never-ending aggression between these two religious denominations and uprise of violence at the proposed declaration by Arabs. This crucial affirmation of support by Balfour on behalf of the British government is often described as the first great achievement of the Zionist movement, and even as the foundation stone of the Jewish state.

Groups marginalised in Society Essay

One of the most vulnerable and marginalised groups in society are people with an intellectual disability. Developmentally delayed individuals need a wide range of leisure programmes to choose from. The principle of Normalization has led to equal rights for people with special needs. Providing people with inclusive leisure programmes with non-disabled persons assists with their socialisation. However, lack of tolerance in the community at large, financial constraints, difficulties in accessing transport as well as skill deficiencies can inhibit some people from participating (Paterson & Taylor, 2002). People with disabilities often feel isolated, with little support from family and friends. This can inhibit them from being able to attend recreational activities. It is important that changes of attitude occur in mainstream society to assist the person with a disability to achieve a ‘better quality of life’. (Patterson & Taylor, 2001). Marginalised groups often are stigmatised, discriminated against and excluded from society. (Goffman,1997). This is certainly the case for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Negative community responses, especially fear of HIV, often leave the person in despair and with lowered of self-esteem (Edington et al, 1998). They have to cope with loss of employment and rejection by members of professional and social networks and as a result they feel isolated and impoverished. The Aids Council of New South Wales (ACON) has responded by offering individual programmes as well as a network of social groups for leisure activities. A caseworker from AC (Aids Council) explained that it is extremely difficult for the HIV/AIDS affected person to participate in ‘mainstream’ activities because of negative attitudes and stigmatisation. Poverty is disproportionately high amongst minority and ethnic groups. Issues such as discrimination in finding employment, accessing education and training prevents individuals from achieving success. One study by Vescio et al, 1999, investigated sports participation and attitudes towards girls attending high schools in Sydney. It was found that participation by girls from non-English speaking backgrounds was significantly lower than those of Anglo-Australian culture. Barriers experienced by the girls included language, cultural and religious aspects. Cultural differences, prejudice,  discrimination and ignorance of ethnic groups often lead to isolation (Hibbins, 1998). These factors greatly inhibit ethnic communities from participating in leisure activities. Society needs to become more understanding of cultural diversity and tolerance of religious difference. Goffman, E, 1997, Selections from Stigma. In The disability studies reader, ed., L. Davis, Routledge, London, pp.203-215. Hibbins, R., 1998, Leisure and ethnic diversity in Australia. In Tourism, leisure and sport: Critical perspectives, eds.D. Rowe & G. Lawrence. Hodder Education. Sydney, pp.100-111. Patterson, I., & Taylor, T., 2001, Celebrating inclusion and diversity in leisure. Vescio, J.A., Taylor, T., Toohey, T., 1999, An exploration of sports participation by girls from a non-English speaking backgrounds.

Essay on Key Passage Commentary on Things Fall Apart

This passage, found as a conclusion to a chapter in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart, takes place after Okonkwos return to Umuofia. A new English missionary has been set up in the village and has caused a great divide between the villagers. The main purpose of the section is to describe some of these events and changes that have taken place in Umuofia since Okonkwos return. The passage is structured in three parts, each detailing about a different aspect. The first section focuses on Okonkwos son Nwoyes conversion to Christianity and subsequent successes. The second part goes into detail about Okonkwos arrival home to his clan and the change in the village. Finally, the last section includes Okonkwos inner feelings and opinions†¦show more content†¦Nwoye most likely remembers the twins he heard thrown in the Evil Forest and intends to be like Isaac, and protect twins and others that the Ibo consider evil. Nwoye has also become a teacher which shows his devotion to Christiani ty, greater than any devotion he had in Umuofia, whether to working in the fields, his father, or his culture. Mr. Browns friendly nature is also shown in this section. He heard of Okonkwo returning to Umuofia and immediately paid him a visit and hoped that Okonkwo would be happy to hear of it, referring to Nwoye. Okonkwo, however, drove Mr. Brown away and threatened him. This treatment of Mr. Brown shows Okonkwos genuine hatred of Christianity that stole his first-born son and any change that has come with it. The second part of the passage shows the change in the entire village and their reaction, or lack of reaction, to Okonkwos return. Okonkwos initial plan was to make his return to Umuofia attract the attention of the entire village with two beautiful daughters, a larger house with room for two more wives, and the initiation of his sons into the ozo society. The ozo society, a use of African English to add culture to the novel, is made up of powerful and titled men in the villa ge. To Okonkwos dismay, he attracts little attention (it was not as memorable as he had wished) because the village is occupied with the new culture and religion growing in the village. The clan had undergone such profound change during his exileShow MoreRelated Matthew 17: 1-13 Essay3271 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction The passage of this exegetical paper, Matthew 17:1-13, is the narrative of the transfiguration of Jesus on a mountain with three of His disciples Peter, James and John as witnesses. Literary Criticism Context Matthew 16:21-28, the passage before mine, Jesus had revealed to His disciples His upcoming suffering, death and resurrection. He informed them that His followers would have to take up their cross to be with Him. Carrying your cross in that period of time meant a torturousRead MorePeter: Character Study5305 Words   |  22 Pages Luke 6:14-16. and Acts 1:13). The man that is listed first every time may take some people by surprise, as that man is Simon Peter. When it comes to Simon we have a lot of information about this man that would later come to be called Peter. Some things we know about Peter was that he was a Galilean fisherman, he became the chief spokesman of the Apostles, and he was one of the two strongest personalities in the New Testament along with Paul. So where does the name Peter come from anyway? The nameRead MoreTheology of the Book of Romans4654 Words   |  19 Pagesheart of the letter. They state the theological theme which Paul outworks in the first seven c hapters. Martin Luther wrote in his Commentary on Romans: The Gospel is called the power of God in contradistinction to the power of man. The latter is the (supposed) ability by which he, according to his carnal opinion, obtains salvation by his own strength, and performs the things which are of the flesh. But this ability God, by the cross of Christ, has utterly declared null and void, and now gives us HisRead MoreA Brief Sketch On The Holy Of Old Testament Saints3090 Words   |  13 Pageseschatology. My beliefs hinged on Christ’s return and the future hope of the church being with him in heaven- apart from sin. However, my beliefs were shallow and not flushed out. Topics such as the resurrection of Old Testament saints, the various millennial positions, the judgment of the just and the unjust, and the everlasting conscious torment of the damned in hell, were never things that I spent much time pondering on a deep level. And now, as my seminary education is coming to a close, LordRead MoreChristianity And The Word Faith Essay2518 Words   |  11 PagesChristian lifestyle throughout the book of Romans. I will demonstrate this by looking at some key passages in Romans. II. Before we tackle some larger sections of scripture, we must take a look at how Paul starts this conversation of faith throughout Romans. a. Romans 1:8 Paul says, â€Å"First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is proclaimed in all the world.† The Word Biblical Commentary says, â€Å"following his usual practice, Paul’s first act after the formal greeting is toRead MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 Pagesafter spirit arrives, the flood broken on â€Å"the golden smithies of the Emperor.† The marbles of the dancing floor break the â€Å"bitter furies of complexity,† the storms of images that beget more images, â€Å"That dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea.† Commentary We have read Yeats’s account of â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium†; now he has arrived at the city itself, and is able to describe it. In â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† the speaker stated his desire to be â€Å"out of nature† and to assume the form of a golden bird; inRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesLEARNl Sets 1-4 An Integrated Course for Children New Concept English Uniform with this Volume: FIRST THINGS FIRST: An Integrated Course for Beginners PRACTICE AND PROGRESS: An Integrated Course for Pre-Intermediate Students DEVELOPING SKILLS: An Integrated Course for Intermediate Students FLUENCY IN ENGLISH: An Integrated Course for Advance Students New Concept English in two Volume edition FIRST THINGS FIRST PART 1 ·2 PRACTICE AND PROGRESS PART }-2 For and Against AN ORAL PRACTICE BOOK FOR ADVANCEDRead MorePlace8569 Words   |  35 Pagesend of a chain. The chain had been hooked into the ceiling. The old gas ring and key still jutted out of the wall like antlers. 7. The sink was in the corner. The sink was next to the toilet. We washed at the sink. The tub was also in the corner. My mother did our clothes in the tub. 8. There were many things above the tub. These things were tacked to a shelf. Sugar and spice jars were ranged on the shelf. The jarsRead MoreDeclaration of Independence9744 Words   |  39 PagesThomas Paine said, than one could restore to us the time that is past or give to prostitution its former innocence. To try to perpetuate a purely political connection would be forced and unnatural, repugnant to reason, to the universal order of things.(8) Second, once it is granted that Americans and Englishmen are two distinct peoples, the conflict between them is less likely to be seen as a civil war. The Continental Congress knew America could not withstand Britains military might withoutRead More The Role of Alfieri in Miller’s A View from the Bridge Essay7327 Words   |  30 Pagesthe action takes place, but there is also a street outside so the audience is aware that the action is of personal and public context. It is important for them that they can recognise that the Carbones’ life is apart of the community particularly at the end when the tragic outcome is apart of all the neighbourhood. In the 1987 production in New York Theatre the performance was used in a ‘composite set‘ style. It was used in order for the audience to see that the stage represented more than one room

The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 1355 Words

The Lottery Essay Andrew Lansley once said â€Å"Peer pressure and social norms are powerful influences on behavior, and they are classic excuses.† Most people tend to follow cultural customs because they have grown with them or it has been forced onto them with factors such as parents or their environment. However, is it always right to follow these customs even if they are in fact considered wrong? Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about the cultural norms of a small community and its annual lottery ritual; a stoning. Jackson overthrows the story by making the lottery a corrupt occurrence rather than a victory. The reader would probably think that the â€Å"winner† of the lottery would be benefited but in this case the victory was not so delightful. In her short story â€Å"The Lottery† Jackson seemingly uses ordinary details about the setting and the townspeople to characterize her theme that although society claims to be civilized, and may ap pear so, it is inherently barbaric. Through her use of setting, which on the surface appears to be light-hearted and commonplace, Jackson masks and emphasizes the shock and horror of the story’s ending. Jackson first depicts a light and merry setting when she describes the day of the lottery. â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green.† By detailing the day in a bubbly way, Jackson veils the idea that nothing badShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition ar e met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Martin Eden by Jack London - 825 Words

Jack London is among the many prolific writers from the United States of America who possess great artistic works ranging from great time novels ,short stories to plays just but to mention a few. He is fondly remembered for his great novel, ‘Martin Eden’ published in 1909. In the novel he tries to express the challenges faced by young writers who try to exploit their talent and passion in an area where little opportunities present themselves. This novel has stood the test of time with its relevance evident to date. It is a favorite to many young upcoming writers thus the main aim for writing this paper is to focus on the autobiography of Jack London as ‘Martin Eden’. Jack London’s Life Jack London was born in the last quarter of the†¦show more content†¦The author’s life is therefore fully reflected contextually in that through his protagonist in his novel, he successfully manages to explain his life experiences to the world. In the character of Martin Eden, Jack London shows how rocky, steep and rough the road to the prime of his career was in a time where success through individual hard work was not something to count on. Because of this societal mythology of lack of success through individual hard work Jack went to an extent of even loosing his fiancà ©e who lost faith in his efforts and resolved to break up with him, little did she know that his future was to shine bright some day. This is the reflection of London’s life from his main character in his novel ‘Martin Eden’. Elements of Autobiography in ‘Martin Eden’ by Jack London. Autobiography is one’s life story written down by the same individual, in this context, there is a lot of autobiography as we see the author Jack London in his novel ‘Martin Eden’ trying to explain his life experience as he struggled up the ladder of literary success in the character of Martin Eden, this is therefore autobiography. Some of the autobiographical elements well contained and elaborated in the novel follow shortly:- From the context of the novel, we see autobiography coming through clearly, firstly when one reads theShow MoreRelated The Call Of Jack London Essay example2187 Words   |  9 Pages The Call Of Jack London nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During a time when man had gold fever, and philosophical views plagued the minds of many, one man took these views and turned them into great outdoor adventures. John â€Å"Jack† Griffith London, a twentieth century author, wrote The Call of the Wild, other novels, and short stories that depict the philosophical views of the time and added adventure to them by using his own life experiences that carried thousandsRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesinterchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel into English, and after its publicationRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesAutobiography First published in Paris in March of 1791 entitled â€Å"Memoires De La Vie Privee† The first English translation, The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin. Originally Written By Himself, And Now Translated From The French, was published in London in 1793. Faithful Puritan account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. The writing process lasted for 40 years, yet the book was still not completed when he died。 13 virtues followed by Franklin Temperance 节åˆ ¶Ã¯ ¼Ë†Ã© ¥ ®Ã© £Å¸Ã¯ ¼â€° Silence æ ²â€°Ã© »Ëœ Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesimportant subsidiary focus ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 601 A GUIDE TO THE MAIN FOCUS OF CASES IN THE BOOK 601 PAGE NUMBER IN THE BOOK CASE Ekomate – an Indian company uses networks and relationships to internationalise. Eden Project (B) – latest developments in a successful tourist attraction. Brown Bag Films – strategy development and strategic choice for a small business in an international market ACME – innovation and entrepreneurship in the Indian mobile phone industryRead MoreHerbert Spencer Essay13142 Words   |  53 Pagesneglecting such traditional subjects as history. Spencer initially followed up the scientific interests encouraged by his father and studied engineering. For a few years, until 1841, he practiced the profession of civil engineer as an employee of the London and Birmingham Railway. His interest in evolution is said to have arisen from the examination of fossils that came from the rail-road cuts. Spencer left the railroad to take up a literary career and to follow up some of his scientific interests. HeRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesstyle will be best. 68 46 Jones−George: Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition I. Management 2. The Evolution of Management Thought  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2005 Managing Ethically Mr. Edens Proï ¬ ts from Watching His Workers’ Every Move Read the case below, â€Å"Mr. Edens Proï ¬ ts from Watching His Workers’ Every Move,† and think about the following issues. C ontrol is one of Ron Edens’s favorite words. â€Å"This is a controlled environment,† he says of the blank brick buildingRead MoreA Review and a Conceptual Framework of Prestige-Seeking Consumer Behavior9366 Words   |  38 Pagesdu Marketing, 132/133 (2-3), 23-39. Fenigstein, Allan, Michael F. Scheier and Arnold H. Buss (1975), Public and Private Self-Consciousness: Assessment and Theory, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43 (4), 522-527. Fenchel, Gerd H., Jack H. Monderer and Eugene L. Hartley (1951), Subjective Status and The Equilibration Hypothesis, Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 46 (2), 476-479. Festinger, Leon (1954), A Theory of Social Comparison Process, Human Relations, 7 (1), 117-140Read MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesprovide an example of the new Page 14 STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One employability approach. In the aftermath of General Electric’s workforce reductions of 25 percent, there was recognition by its chief executive officer (CEO) Jack Welch that the company would have to attract quality employees with desirable achievement opportunities instead of job security policies.19 Welch, who was widely regarded as one of the most visionary and effective CEOs, was strongly criticized forRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson EditorialRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesorganization and the project teams will vary. In some cases, the parent organization maintains a tight rein through financial controls. In other cases, firms grant the project manager maximum freedom to get the project done as he sees fit. Lockheed Martin has used this approach to develop next-generation jet airplanes. See Snapshot from Practice: Skunk Works. 70 Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture SNAPSHOT FROM PRACTICE In project management folklore, skunk works is code for a small

The Conviction of George Burroughs Free Essays

The reading by Johnson starts out with a married lady by the name of Katherine Watkins complaining of rape by a black slave. Throughout the remainder of this section, depositions are given by other black slaves and people who claim to have witnessed the occurrence. Most of the accounts indicate that Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Conviction of George Burroughs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Watkins seduced the slave into a sexual act and then blamed it on him in order to stay out of the trouble that her Quaker husband†s beliefs would have brought on her. The other section in this book is the sermon by John Winthrop entitled, A Model of Christianity. Two rules by which all men should abide, he says, are to show mercy and do justice. Among many other good deeds, he preaches love among Christians, performing service for the Lord, having unity and conformity in the community, and strict obedience to God†s word lest some punishment befall you. The handout given in class deals with the issue of homosexuality and the punishments for sodomy and buggery. The reading by Marcus was solely concentrated on the Salem Witch Trials. A former minister, George Burroughs, is accused of witchcraft and much of the section deals with people who claimed to have been bewitched by him. There are a couple of letters by Cotton Mather explaining the difficulty of the witchcraft trials and his defense of the conviction of George Burroughs. The rest of this reading is letters of confession by the accused and more letters relating to the trials. The role of Colonial women in society is given an in depth look in the segment by Graebner. In these days, the husband was seen as the supreme head of the family and women were basically domestic. Women were basically known only as the wife of their husbands and often helped them with their business affairs. Eventually, a minimal level of trade arose among women in the village, but nothing big enough to trigger a large outbreak of feminism at that time. A women†s role in society can basically be summed up in this quote, â€Å"The economic roles of married women were based upon two potentially conflicting values – gender specialization and identity of interest. A wife was expected to become expert in the management of a household and the care of children, but she was also asked to assist in the economic affairs of her husband, becoming his representative and even his surrogate if circumstances demanded it. Three concepts that were all tied together in Colonial America were sin, legality, and community. Their definitions of sin were taken before a jury for the proper punishment, and thus their sense of community was being broken down by the fact that so many people were being sentenced and punished for the sins that the legal system found them guilty of. How to cite The Conviction of George Burroughs, Essay examples

Peer-to-Peer Learning for How Students Can Utilize- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePeer-to-Peer Learning for How Students Can Best Utilize. Answer: Introduction Peer learning is where the person who is teaching the others isat or belongs to the same level as the students. This is more common in the education sector whereby the students use the strengths of fellow students to be able to learn more. It is more of an interactive programme or discussion where the students try to the best of their abilities to explain something or the topic of discussion to his or her colleagues. It helps when it comes to developing numerous skills and attitudes that are useful when it comes to problem solving (Pagel, 2017). This is a field that of late is gaining more attention even in the informal community-based education in matters of environment. It has been seen as a tool that can be used to increase action in communities. Heiskanen et al. (2017) say that this is because it promotes discussions and careful observation of everyones ideas. Defining Peer-to-Peer Learning Peer-to-peer learning is a very important tool when it comes to helping students understand the course work better. To further emphasize on its importance and how helpful it can be Twyman Redding (2015) came up with an observation tool using peer-to-peer mechanism which was designed to help the teachers be able help and support each other which in turn according to them will help them educate the learners better. This stresses on how important this tool can be and not only among the young aged people, but also the adults in all sectors. Arendale, (2016) says that aside from the positive effects on the whole group, the leaders of these peer groups also tend to become mature in leadership skills, public-speaking and such Opportunities Presented by Peer-to-Peer Learning The opportunities that come with this tool cut across the independent learner, the less experienced learner and the experienced learners. It has been known that peer learning has a number of advantages to the learners (Hanken, 2016). He says it is also beneficial among teachers not just to students and some of them include the following. Gives the students a feeling of safety In a research done by Stenberg Carlson (2015) among students in Sweden, the findings were that the students found peer-to-peer learning very effective. In the same research some of the opportunities presented by it according to the students were one, it provided a safety feeling. In this, the two authors found out those students liked working with other students and this reduced the levels of anxiety or uneasiness and nervousness. Working with other students reduced the chances of being afraid when being introduced into a new field. This research was done among clinical students. This is because the students found it easier to ask fellow colleagues questions compared to asking the supervisor. This is because asking a question to a person you know better is much easier as you are used to taking to each other. This helps the less experienced learner to catch up with others as they have the chance of learning from their friends easily. They point out it is much easier to ask stupid que stions to friends as compared to ask the tutor. They say it was much safer to discuss with others when the teacher was not present. Provides a better learning experience Another advantage presented by this according to Stenberg Carlson is the different learning experience. This is all about the sense of great responsibility that arises when taking turns to teach each other. This made the students make sure that their knowledge was close to perfect and updated. The discussions among students in sharing what one knows and learning from others what one does not know was seen as very beneficial in the learning process. One student points out that he felt the need and pressure to surpass what others knew when it came to comparison because there was stress that arose from being less knowledgeable compared to your peers.The independent learner in this case will be able to learn how to work with others and in turn be able to grasp more knowledge from others. Due to the sense of responsibility brought by it, the less experienced learner will have to push themselves to the limit and learn more on themselves to avoid embarrassment and in the long run learn to work on their own. The experienced learners get to showcase their capabilities to others and also learn more as no man is an island. Healthy competition The other opportunity it presents is competition. Competition is a very effective way to improve yourself and get know more and better yourself where you are weak. The two writers found out that students found competition as an obstacle when it comes to competing for the teachers attention. However this is a very positive factor as they further say comparing yourself with others could motivate you to perform better than others and in turn increase overall performance and reach the required levels. This benefits all the three types of students and competition increases independence as comparison reduces dependence. Challenges Presented by Peer-to-Peer Learning The challenges presented by it arealso critical issues that need to be looked at to help improve on how to use this tool. This helps to improve on them for a better peer-to-peer experience among students. Lack of confidence among students One of the challenges of this tool is confidence among the students (Schoerning Hand, 2013). They say that it was hard for students to comment on an issue if they felt that their idea was not worth it. This calls for the importance of building confidence. One way they suggested is listening actively by for example summarizing the students points. This was peer-to-peer discussion in a classroom with the teacher present which is the same among peers. One needs to feel appreciated then they will be motivated to contribute to a discussion. Another challenge with this tool according to Schoerning Hand is that you also have to make sure that a student feels that the ideas he gives and the ideas given by his peers are also important. This calls for appreciation to all the students from the teacher which needs to be implemented when it comes to discussions in class among peers. Negative group interactions As much as peer-to-peer learning improves the independence of the students in every way possible, one research points out in its findings that in one of the peer groups the dynamics in interpersonal interaction impacted the results negatively (de Vreede et al. 2014). The team leaders acknowledged that they knew the problems but did not have the capacity to solve them and felt the need to get help from adults and superiors. Conclusions From the above discussions, it is evident that peer-to-peer learning is a very effective tool when it comes to improving a students independence and knowledge as it utilizes what students know and use it to help other students. They say that peer students performed better compared to the others when it came to the test as they did the research to help the students become more independent. It uses the different abilities of different students and through discussions, these differences are turned into learning opportunities. This therefore calls for development of this tool. It is a very valuable tool when it comes to education yet it has not been studied fully or enough. It can change the performance standards if utilized properly in the education sector and at the same time promote independence when it comes to student interaction. It is important to know that the peer learning model of learning was not understood well in the preceding systems of education as they considered it be mo re of competition rather than cooperation among students as Gebeyehu Regasa, (2016) say. The various opportunities presented by the learning mechanism need to be exploited to the maximum and this will help the less experienced learners to learn faster and in doing so, independence increases. This will make everyone in the class try as much as possible to be at the same level as the more experienced learners. Team work is also improved among the students Recommendations on How to Improve Peer-to-Peer Learning Competition can be an obstacle and is compounded by incompatibility issues between the peers. According to them to improve on this, the students suggested that they should be allowed to choose their own partners. This makes the students select someone that they are comfortable with. Still on the same, the students need to be taught that they should strive towards professionalism and not working within the friendships. The issue of negative competition needs to be addressable adequately. Another way to improve peer-to-peer learning should be implemented in the libraries. As much as libraries offer a lot of information to students, they need to develop a way for students to help each other using best theories in peer-to-peer learning. This according to them is a very valuable way and has invaluable benefits. References Altintas, T., Gunes, A., Sayan, H. (2016). A peer-assisted learning experience in computer programming language learning and developing computer programming skills.Innovations in Education Teaching International,53(3), 329. doi:10.1080/14703297.2014.993418 Arendale, D. R. (2016).Postsecondary Peer Cooperative Learning Programs: Annotated Bibliography 2016. Online Submission. de Vreede, C., Warner, A., Pitter, R. (2014). 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