Picture & musical instrument Essay

In this picture, it showcases a man playing a musical instrument called bagpipes which are prominent and widely used in Scotland and Ireland. Based on the composition of the image, the man is probably a musician from an average social class because his choice clothing is typically worn by commoners probably during the Renaissance period. Generally, this illustration depicts an ordinary event in a musician’s life in the early periods. There are many components in this image that can tell the story of this single picture. Lines, shapes, color, shading and proportions are the elements that give life to a portrait. For the hat, it is a simple head ornament made from a plain fabric. The color gray with touches of brown suggest that it must had been used numerous times. The color combination gives it an aged look making it in a way look stylish. More so, the flower with a hint of light purple and baby pink colored petals that is surrounded by a couple of olive green leaves provided a natural component in the musician’s head cover. At first, it may seem that the beautiful flower is wilting probably because of its downward position but if viewers would look closely, the loveliness of the flower resides on its perfect color combination which exudes harmony. Additionally, a two-toned colored feather is also present on the hat. It is seamlessly intertwined with the flower. The feather added life on this very minimal hat through the blending of the colors gold and cream. Furthermore, the soft brushstrokes on the strands of the feathers give a sense of movement. It contrasted the stiff but delicate position of the flower. Moreover, the feather and the flower can be considered as accents of the hat that showcases the creativity of the musician and his love for things that possess simple yet striking beauty. On another note, hats are usually are worn outdoors during sunny days to protect the face from the rays of the sun. But on this picture, the black background suggests that the time was around in the evening or he was probably indoors which justifies the dark backdrop. Meanwhile, the relatively large brim of the hat had cast a shadow on the musician’s face. In a way, his wrinkles were partly concealed from the viewers’ line of sight. But if it will be examined closely, the series of lines on the forehead and on the mouth area can be considered as the focal points of the facial features. These lines indicate that the musician is probably in his late 40s or early 50s. On the other hand, the eyes tell a different story. It is hard to tell whether the arch of the left eyebrow and the roundness of the eyes signify an emotion. He can either be feeling tired or impassive during his performance. The semi-closed mouth with ripples of lines along the cheek area also adds up to the anonymity of the musician’s emotions. No outstanding feature can really be distinguished making it hard to determine the prominent mood of the painting. Overall, the musician’s face was painted in details. The realistic skin-toned color of the face accented by a small blush of red on the cheeks, the protruding nose, big black eyes, arched eyebrows, nude lips and the fine facial lines made an accurate representation of a male’s physical appearance. Furthermore, the layers of wardrobe added more personality into the painting. The musician is wearing three layers of garments. In the first layer is a white collared long sleeve shirt which is covered by a red V-shaped long sleeve with a wide collar. The bottom of the red shirt is tightened by a garter producing sections of scrunched up fabrics. Also, it seems that there is a set of embroidery at the bottom of the red shirt which serves as the accents to this plain piece of clothing. It is evident from the collar line to the sleeves that the musician is wearing layered clothes. Also, the combination of red and white complements very well. The simplicity of the white is balanced off by the intensity of the red. The third layer is a coat which has the same color as the hat with a dominant grayish tone but with touches of light brown and white. Also, the utilization of dark colors gave a slimming effect on the musician which made him look less stocky. The lining of the coat has a similar shade with the red shirt but more on the orange side. Probably this was intended to give continuity and proper blending of the colors used in the outfit. The whole look of the clothes did not seem stiff because of the folds seen all over the layers of clothing. The folds were intricately added to add movement in order for the clothes to look like as if they were moving with the musician. More so, these folds or lines contrasted the heaviness of the coat which gave a fluid quality to the whole picture. An unusual element was present on the left sleeve of the coat. This object has a circular shape with three layers of different sizes ranging from small to large. At one end is a hole where a red ribbon was tied which was pinned into the coat. Most likely this object is a type of medal that represents the musician’s profession or his achievements or this could just be an ornament used for fashion purposes. Regardless of its function, the circular object adds a touch of splendor to the whole garment. Moreover, the layers of clothing suggest that the weather was cold and that the musician needed the three levels of shirts to provide heat in order for him to properly play his bagpipes. Meanwhile, the bagpipe was illustrated in a neutral mocha brown color. Four pipes of varying heights and appearance were strategically strewn all over the irregularly shaped leather bagpipe. Because of the different sizes of pipes, it gave an illusion of elevation giving some dimension to a flat medium. Also, the creases on the bagpipe added some movement and tension to the image. Furthermore, the hands of the musician holding the main pipe were precisely demonstrated. The veins, the nails and even the lines on the knuckles were accurately portrayed. The viewers can really notice these details which suggest that these hands have been through a lot of experience in playing musical instruments. Despite the rigidity of the details on the hands, the way the hands were positioned displayed softness and finesse which is a true mark of a talented musician.

That Newfangled Technology

Set Phasers on Stun Case Case 14: That Newfangled Technology Summary: On the morning of September 8, 1923, Lieutenant Commander Donald T. Hunter was assigned to responsible for leading fourteen destroyers of Destroyer Squadron 11 to depart from San Francisco to San Diego. They were returning home after an escorting Battle Division 4 from Puget Sound to San Francisco. At that time, the Destroyer Squadron comprised with leading flagship that commanded by Captain Hunter, USS Delphy (DD-261) and followed by; the four ships of Destroyer Division 33, USS S. P.Lee (DD-310), USS Young (DD-312), USS Woodbury (DD-309), and USS Nicholas (DD-311); the five ships from Destroyer Division 31, USS Farragut (DD-300), USS Fuller (DD-297), USS Percival (DD-298), USS Somers (DD-301), and USS Chauncey (DD-296); and four ships from Destroyer Division 32, USS Kennedy (DD-306), USS Paul Hamilton (DD-307), USS Stoddert (DD-302), and USS Thomson (DD-305). The warships conducted tactical gears and weaponry exe rcises en route, including a competitive speed run of 20 knots. Later in the day, as weather worsened, the ships formed up a column on the squadron leader â€Å"Delphy†. That evening, around 2000 hours (8:00 p. . ), the leading flagship broadcast an erroneous report, based on an improperly interpreted radio compass bearing, showing the squadrons position about nine miles off Point Arguello. About an hour later, the destroyers turned east to enter what was thought to be the Santa Barbara Channel, though it could not be seen owing to the thick fog. Unfortunately, due to a combination of abnormally strong currents and navigational complacency, it led the squadron onto the rocks offshore point and rugged area of San Miguel Island, near Honda Point. Just after turning, Delphy struck the rocks at 2105 (9:05 p. m. ), plowing ashore at 20 knots.More than worse, Delphy was followed by S. P. Lee, which hit and swung broadside against the bluffs. Young piled up adjacent to Delphy and ca psized, trapping many of her fire and engine room crew below. While Woodbury, Nicholas, and Fuller struck reefs and ran aground offshore, Chauncey ran in close aboard Young. However, the alarm sirens slowed Somers and Farragut enough, so they just touched ground before backing off to deeper water while the five other destroyers steered completely clear. Although heavy pounding surf broke over the seven stranded destroyers, eventually breaking the Delphy into two parts.Hundreds of thousands gallons of fuel oil from seven ships spilled into the crashing waves, carbide bombs were exploded when they came in contact with the water, and numerous fires began on the ships and on the surface of the sea. Finally, 23 men died in the ensuring attempts to abandon the ships and make it to shore in the darkness and heavy surf. About 450 survivors from the seven warships made their way slowly to the narrow and rocky beach below the cliff during the hour that followed. S. P. Lee S. P. Lee Fuller Ful ler Woodbury Woodbury Chauncey Chauncey Delphy Delphy Young Young Nicholas Nicholas What Went Wrong:It later turned out to the light that the Squadron was actually several miles north and further east, but Captain Hunter had disbelieved the accuracy of a Point Arguello radio signal. Following the turn, Point Arguello was dead ahead, and distant only about two nautical miles. The Point Arguello light may have been hidden by the fog. However, did Captain Hunter issue an order to change-of course of 95 ° left turn, or did he order his ships to turn to a bearing of 95 ° magnetic? Additional Factors: Communication between Captain Hunter and Radioman Falls: The communication between Captain Hunter and the radioman was misunderstood.The radioman would report the wrong bearings, when the reciprocal bearing should have been reported instead. Had the correct bearings been reported from the beginning, the ship wouldn’t have crashed. â€Å"Newfangled Technology† Feedback: The mistaken â€Å"error† proved that Captain Hunter cannot always rely on his strong self-reliance and that even a skilled mathematician makes mistakes; and that it’s acceptable to rely on technology. There was no feedback given back to Captain Hunter to state its’ reasoning behind the bearing that was being reported to him. Also, there was no feedback given to challenge Captain Hunter’s navigations.If more feedback was given, it could have been sensed that navigation was off route. Continued use of â€Å"That Newfangled Technology†: After the incident of being reported the wrong bearings, Captain Hunter still continued to use the navigation by radio bearing. It was assumed as an honest mistake. It wasn’t until after the crash that Captain Hunter realized that the radioman was giving him the correct bearings from the beginning. This could have been prevented if the system would have been checked after the first wrong bearing, to see what the re asoning behind such an error was; instead of continuing on the journey.More Information: According to an article by Noah Andre Trudeau, â€Å"California Naval History – Point Honda: A Naval Tragedy’s Chain of Errors†, a lean budget and distrust of new technology contributed to a naval tragedy at Honda Point, California (Trudeau, 2012). Speed was the essential creed of the early to mid-20th century destroyer driver. Determination and self-confidence was a style of command in which those qualities could achieve the impossible while in peacetime the same attributes contributed to one of the U. S. Navy’s most significant disasters (Trudeau, 2012).The 18 ships were meant to travel along the California coast to San Diego, with their two high powered and low powered turbines, four tall thin funnels and a book speed topped at 32 knots. Due to the postwar budget cutbacks, they were operating at 20-30% below full complement. Although a lot of live were lost during this tragedy, all the blame wasn’t on Captain Hunter. Everyone played a part, from, Watson’s fixation on making a record 20-knot passage along with his failure to supervise the navigation, Blodgett’s inability to express his concerns, and the silence of the other squadron officers.Uncertainties surround the new technology, unusual weather conditions and minor equipment problems also played a part (Trudeau, 2012). Lesson Learned: This case illustrated the importance of human error and testing all new technology before use. Although all faults in the technology may not be quickly discovered testing all aspects is critical. It is learned that although you may be proficient in a skill and have applicable experience, mistakes still happen. The people with great skill and power, like Lieutenant Commander Donald T.Hunter, are still fallible as human beings. Despite having a fully functioning technology system to navigate, it shouldn’t completely be dependent on. Instead, the two should assist each other, human intelligence and newfound technology. Additional Reference: Trudeau, N. A. (2012, March 2). California Naval History-Point Honda: A Naval Tragedy's Chain of Errors. Retrieved October 29, 2012, from The California State Military Museum: A United States Army Museum Activity: Preserving California's Military Heritage: http://www. militarymuseum. org/PtHonda. html

Leader ship class 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leader ship class 3 - Essay Example This can be done through the study of all the employees and their competitive performance in the recent seasons and events within the organization. The wage record over last few seasons is of importance and allows making decision in a more professional manner. All the bonuses and increments so added are compared against the performance delivered by the individuals. This in parallel with those who have had good performances yet little lift up in the financial aspect can also be encouraged and accommodated through the layoff schemes. The decisions must not be based only on the financial aspect, rather the productivity, the overall benefits to the organization and other factors. The old age pension scheme, those who are of little value and have showed inclination towards self retirement may also be considered for a lay off. The annual budget values must also be taken into account against the given set of number of employees and the subsequent decision of

How do you grade creativity in the classroom Essay

How do you grade creativity in the classroom - Essay Example In a classroom it is possible that creativity level in the student, who is achieving high grades, is at low level and creativity level in a student who is performing not well and achieving low grades, is at high level. In this kind situation, it is now own teacher that how he will assess the creativity level of any student. Short Introduction of Toolmin model: Stephen Edelston Toulmin who was a British philosopher presented a model for presenting the arguments in well prepared form. He stated that for the success of any good argument it is necessary to provide good presentation and justifications about argument. He expressed his philosophy in six different ways those are correlated to each other. According to Toulmin there are three necessary parts of any argument and other three are can be treated as optional or additional parts. Those six parts include claim, support, warrant, backing, rebuttal and qualifier. How do you grade creativity in the classroom? How to you grade creativity in the class room? That is the main question that is rising in these days. Creativity grading of a student is necessary for any student to judge the level of creativity in classroom. As the creativity is not the separate faculty that some people have and others do not. (Ken Robinson). Everyone is creative but the variance in the ways of work might be possible. For example a student writes 10 pages in with the help of pencil in given time period but on the other side other second student cannot write 10 pages in given time period. Simply any one can state the first student worked better than the second student. From above mentioned results can we assume that that fist student is more creative than second student? Most of the teachers those are not able to grade the creativity level of any student will answer that Yes, First student is more creative than Second student because he can write 10 pages in the given time period. But this statement is not true practically. WHY? The reason can be found as seeing on the other side of coin, second student can draw 10 drawings with help of the pencil in given time period. On the other hand same first student is unable to draw same work in given time period. In above scenarios all the things are same excluding the nature of the work. E.g. students are same, pencils are same even pages are same but the difference is that both of student can only work better in which they are creative. Generally, as described in above example creativity is not exclusive to particular activities. And the level of grading the creativity level in class room is also not exclusive to particular judgments. Students can come up with more creative ideas; this can only be possible if the student will give proper attention in the field that he thinks he can work better than others. Creativity is a key for success in entire life. The example of this can be described as people can do their best in their own work. E.g. Scientists, Technologists, busines s man, educators can only be creative in the work they do. As in current modern environment it is noted that the generation becoming ever more difficult to engage in a traditional classroom environment. These students are also referred as â€Å"digital kids†. It is the generation that needs some creative inspiration. Now the next thing depend on teachers that how they inspire creativity. How they train the students to the best things. Creative Processing for the students are rooted in imaginative

Business Organisation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Organisation - Assignment Example Currently, it is making a strong presence in the United States and other parts of Europe (Ted Baker Plc 2006). Its 2006 annual report states that the company has 102 retail outlets comprised of 19 UK stores, 7 overseas stores, 68 concessions, and 8 outlet stores. Since its inception, Ted Baker Plc has already imbued itself with the commitment of quality designer clothes. The company's core competence is threefold comprising design, product quality, and attention to detail. The company is known to have "for applying quirky twists to their products" (Ted Baker Plc Annual Report 2006). Thus, Ted Baker has become the "official outfitter" (Hoovers 2006) for trendy individuals. Instead of trying to capture the mass market, the company opts to win the purchasing power of the high-end market who wants quality and top of the line clothing. It is irrefutable that business organisations like Ted Baker Plc need to cope with the challenges posed by the changes and developments happening in their external environments. This report will look at how the impact of the evolution of a single global village in the operations and strategic directions. Each recommendation will be supported by analyses utilising management tools and techniques. In order to recommend strategic direction that Ted Baker Plc should t... These tools are designed to reveal the internal factors which affect the performance and well being of the firm. Recognizing that environmental forces are also important, environmental scanning will also be conducted. The conceptual frameworks to be used are Porter's generic strategies, Porter's five forces model, and SWO analysis. 2.1. Porter's Generic Strategies According to Porter, companies can stick to three best strategies-cost leadership, market segmentation, and differentiation. Generic strategies are highly commended because they identify a certain area that a company can focus instead of trying to be "everything." These definite winning strategies help business organizations to market scope and their competency (Thomson 2004). In its website, Ted Baker Plc states its threefold strategy as: "considered expansion of Ted Baker collections; controlled distribution through main channels-retail wholesale, and licensing; and carefully managed development of overseas markets" (Ted Baker Plc 2006). As stated above, these strategies are supported by the manufacturer's main competences which are design, product quality, and attention to detail. Through these factors, Ted Baker Plc is able to establish an image of quality and trend which sets it apart from its other competitors. Even though clothing is very much like a homogenous good, the business organisation is able to define itself and create an image in the mind of consumers. In line with Porter's generic strategies, it is apparent that the company is banking on a differentiation strategy for success. Ted Baker offers not just any other ordinary clothing company. Standardstyle states that the company's products are

Corporate Restructuring Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Restructuring - Case Study Example Organizations need to be more efficient and effective to ward off the challenges of deregulation and hence increased competition. As a result of increased market pressures, it is unavoidable that organizations analyze and redesign all aspects of their business to remain competitive. Companies around the world are awaking to new realities of an intensively competitive domain and have been undertaking extensive restructuring both at the operational and at the strategic levels. Organizations around the world need to make more decisive choices and take the challenges to leap frog to the next phase of growth. Business portfolios need to be restructured and realigned to assimilate the effects of globalization and deregulation. Companies all over the world are exploring various restructuring methodologies such as Cost cuttings, better customer relationship management, Resource Planning, mergers, takeovers and buy-outs to pursue focused growth. Citicorp: Citicorp was the descendant of City Bank of New York which was founded On June 16, 1812, with $2 million of capital, later, in 1968 renamed as First National City Bank. Large corporate banking was the core business of Citicorp and was one of the largest banks in the United States at the time of its merger with Travelers Group. Traveler Traveler Group: Insurance titan Travelers was founded in 1864 in Hartford, Connecticut. In the 1990s, Travelers went through a sequence of mergers and acquisitions, First with Primerica in 1993 and then Aetna's property and casualty business in 1996. Traveler was the first company in America to insure against accidents and to introduce automobile insurance policy. Making of the Giant - Acquisition In October 1996, Citigroup, Inc. was formed after a $70 billion Merger between Citicorp and the Travelers Group. The Travelers Insurance acquisition added property and casualty, and life and annuities underwriting capabilities to the group. It also brought along the Travelers red umbrella logo, which they applied to all the businesses within the group. One notable exception is Citibank, whose logo is Citibank with a red arc over the't'. The Citicorp-Travelers merger has represented a new era of inorganic growth. Motives behind Merger The merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group took place in 1998 against the prevailing US laws such as Glass-Steagall Act which prohibited the merger of a bank with an insurance underwriter. In year 1999, before the trial period provided by Glass-Steagall Act could end, new law, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which invalidated previous law was framed, this validated the merger. The main official motive behind this merger was expanding their product mix, customer base and ", achieve cost savings and synergies" and "to leave a bigger footprint". Restructuring after Merger Weill, then CEO of Traveler Group, proposed a structure of co-CEO's, in order to convince Citicorp to merge, consisting himself and John Reed, CEO of Citicorp. This strategy was believed unworkable by many business research analysts. Former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin was brought in as a moderator between Reed and Weill . But, conflicts within the company eventually forced Reed to come out of the conglomerate. Later three co-CEO's were inducted

Case Study Anylsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study Anylsis - Essay Example Strengths: Burberry had strong and effective management team. Effective licensing growth of the company delivered huge incremental return on its capital investment. The brand had been offering heritage product to its premium customers. The company was very flexible in terms of product sourcing. And it had cost effective exposure of lower transactional. Weakness: Limited vertical integration minimised the manufacturing margin and value. Low influence in Japanese upside Its Brand extension in apparel segment has increased high risk in fashion industry. Answer 2. Burberry had the market position in between top brands like Giorgio Armani and Polo Ralph Lauren in apparel and between Gucci and coach in accessories. The decision of Bravo to reposition the brand is to get the attraction of the younger customers towards the brand while getting Burberry’s customer base. The goal was to become top brand in the luxury greats. Bravo did not want to cutting edge the classical fashion trend of Burberry but it aimed to be popular in the new generation by reengineering the brand position in the market. Answer 3. Bravo and the effective team decided to reduce the dated product designed which created a huge unsold stock. It hired new efficient team for redesigning the product according to the trend of young generation and their choices so that the brand will be popular to this demographic segment of market. Lastly Burberry came up with new image of new designed product line. Teenager is so much different from someone else’s lifestyle that lives in the English countryside, just as the lifestyle of a banker is very different from the lifestyle of a fusionist. So unless we have a strong vision and speak with a consistent voice, we run the risk of losing our brand credibility. Answer 4. In 2002, the company was having 3126 wholesale clients in the world which consist of 434 medium and large departmental stores and 2728 company owned outlets. The company opened more 132 small stores in Barcelona, New York and London. It has a large number of existing customer base who are maximum classical and traditional choice of people who actually previously used to buy the old designed product of Burberry. By 2003, Burberry items, both legitimate and counterfeit, had become increasingly popular among urban youth and hip-hop musicians. A member of the house in the reality TV series Big Brother had worn Burberry constantly. Although this brand affiliation was viewed a positive sign that Burberry had achieved inspirational status among youth, there was a concern that this affiliation could eventually alienate Burberry's core customers. Answer 5. In keeping with the brand’s rough weather heritage, the women swear line traditionally focused on the autumn/winter season; however, it had evolved in recent years to include apparel for warmer climates. The spring/summer 2000 collection had even featured Burberry check bikinis, which had proven to be enormously po pular. The company offered 330 to 350 styles per season, and the collection had been updated to include a wider assortment of fashion-influenced apparel. The accessories collection included â€Å"soft† accessories such as scarves, shawls, and ties, as well as â€Å"hard† accessories such as handbags, small leather goods (belts and wallets), women’s shoes, luggage, umbrellas, eyewear, and timepieces. As Pamela Harper, head of accessories, explained, â€Å"Accessories are a piece of the dream†; their wide range of price points made them an accessible entry point for

Computer Communications & Networks Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Communications & Networks - Lab Report Example The devices are called end devices or more correctly hosts; which are either the destinations or sources of information transmitted via a network so accessing a network or site remotely involves three elements; a source or sender, a destination and a medium which is the channel through which the data is transmitted. The data transmitted can be in the form of text, graphics, voice or video which are converted into a language the computer understands called binary bits (data is transmitted as a zero or a one: 0I). The bits are then ‘programmed’ or coded into signals or data packets that can be transmitted through a medium over a network. Now sending data as one continuous stream will mean that no other data or devices can use the medium while the data is being transmitted just like a pipeline; if it is delivering gasoline, it cannot at the same time deliver liquid petroleum gas; so the data is broken into smaller packets; a process called segmentation which allows many dif ferent data to be transmitted concurrently, this is called multiplexing and segmenting data enhances network reliability so data is not lost easily whenever a break in communication occurs (â€Å"3rd Symposium on Networked Systems design and Implementation (NSDI’06), San Jose, California†). ... The one used for internet communication is called TCP/IP stack which contains four layers; Application protocols layer that is defined to applications like WWW, or FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a transmission control protocol which is responsible for directing packets of data to specific computers by using a port number. It also has an internet protocol layer that directs data bits to destinations using the IP addresses of the computers and a hardware layer that converts data into data streams or signals such as the network cards or modems. An instruction flows from the sender (computer) from the application to the transfer control protocol then to the internet protocol and finally to the hardware protocol that converts the bits of information into signals transmitted through a medium through the internet. On reaching the destination computer, the signals are converted back to binary bits through the hardware layer then to the internet protocol layer then to transfer protocol layer a nd then to the application such as a web server software. The internet is made up of many big networks called Network Service providers (NSPs0 connected together in a peer standard. The NSPs exchange data packets with each other and must connect to three network access points (NAPs) and at metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs) both of which are called internet exchange points (IXs). Information is then sent around these networked computers to its destinations by routers which contain information tables and switch data packets to the right destination (Serpanos and Wolf 292-302) As soon as one types the web address to be accessed into a web browser (a web browser is a program that is used for internet applications and

Topics are in the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Topics are in the instruction - Essay Example The American manufacturing companies, in trying to soften the impact of the economic crunch, resorted to several strategies aimed at restoring growth and profitability. One strategy adopted was â€Å"flexibility† which entailed shifting out their operations to areas within and outside the country which would minimize operational and labor costs. The target areas were those which had low-wage anti-labor policies in place. Thus, between the years 1969 and 1976, many of the major cities which previously housed large manufacturing plants found themselves at the edge of bankruptcy because of job and revenue losses brought about by the closures of these plants (Gibson 39). The growing revenue deficit brought about by manufacturing relocations and closures was aggravated by â€Å"outmoded capital facilities, declining tax bases, soaring demand for public services, debt ceilings and taxpayer rebellions† which resulted in the inability of these cities to prevent the widening gap between expenditures and revenue resources. To avert catastrophe, many of these cities resorted to increasing taxes, abolishing jobs, calling off or deferring construction projects, and even cutting services (Cooke 2007 pp 213-214). The HOPE VI program is a housing policy passed by the US Congress in 1993 which is aimed at alleviating poverty in public housing. It targets three areas: physical improvements; management improvements and; community services to address resident needs† (Hope VI, Public and Indian Housing). HOPE VI’s primary distinguishing feature is that it is not underpinned by distribution of residents of housing projects to various communities but to revive the housing projects themselves. The Housing & Urban Development’s budget for this project is pegged at $5.6 billion covering 231 areas all over the country (Arrighi & Maume 2007 pp79). To make HOPE VI housing projects viable, the project involves the

Knowledge Management (Assignement Question Details as Depicted Below) Assignment

Knowledge Management (Assignement Question Details as Depicted Below) - Assignment Example Now the question arises as to what exactly is knowledge and how is it different from information (Han 2001). Information is data organized in a proper form and in a way so that interpretation and analysis of the material is easy. Whereas when information is acquired by an individual it becomes knowledge. Knowledge is formally defined as acquaintance to information present. The main aim of knowledge management is to make knowledge available in a way to all those concerned in a way that it can be utilize in the best possible way so as to benefit the organization as a whole. This includes both social and technological effort. This subject has gained a lot importance in the corporate environment in the recent years because of several benefits it offers. For instance it reduces the chances of repetitive and redundant work. Everyone in the organization will know what information is already present and they will not waste time and resources on acquiring the same data and they will move ahead from that point, extending the thread from there (Steyn 2003). Apart from this in today’s world where the external environment is so volatile and fast changing that internal stakeholders especially decision makers have to work really fast to catch up with the fast changing trend and stay competitive. In circumstances like these information becomes a vital resource . Those who know are the ones who will survive. Apart from this another advantage that knowledge management offers is the reduction in time required to train new employees or to bring about a change in the organization (Foote 2001). Another aspect of today’s corporate world is that organizations have to stay flexible and to adapt to changes of the market. For this purpose change management has become a famous topic now a day’s for research and development and adequate knowledge management improves this process. The main argument that will be presented by this paper is

Attendance Requirement in College Essay Example for Free

Attendance Requirement in College Essay Attending college is supposed to signify freedom to make choices regarding education. However, many students who plans to continue their education realize that college does not give this freedom. In some countries, college students are expected to attend classes that they have register. However, should attendance be mandatory in college? Even though some believe that college attendance should be flexible, I believe that college attendance should be mandatory. The first reason why college attendance should be mandatory is the lack of understanding. For example, Students who attend regularly classes have better opportunity to understand the courses what are done in class, while students who do not attend classes will not understand. Also, because students who attend regularly the classes understand the courses, they have a better chance to have good grades during test. On the contrary, students who do not attend classes, and do not understand the courses; they get bad grades during test. Indeed, college attendance should be mandatory to help all the students understand the courses. Another reason why college attendance should be mandatory is it build relationships. College attendance build relation between students and students. In college, there is many ways to meet friends that you can count on in the future such as joining a club, or in class. Students who do not attend college classes will not have these opportunities. College also build relation between students and teachers. Students who attend classes have the opportunity to know their teachers. Teachers have the same opportunity to know their students, and that relation between them will help the teachers to know the students’ lacks and find ways to help them. On the other hand, students who do not attend school will be stuck with his lacks. Opponents believe that mandatory attendance policies does not go under life lesson categories. If students do not show up at the classes, they register that will not affect them in the real world. However, I believe it does go under life lesson categories. If students get into the habit of not showing at classes, they register that will affect them in the real world. For example, if you do not show at work, you will be fired. College attendance should be mandatory to avoid that habit. In conclusion, College attendance should be mandatory to help students understand their course, to build relationship between students/ students and students/ teacher and to avoid bad habit. Nowadays, many students are skipping classes. In my opinion, college attendance should be mandatory.

Changes In Employment Relations Due To Globalisation

Changes In Employment Relations Due To Globalisation Due to globalization the employment relations has affected all over the world. In the past few decades there are many economic policy changes all over the world. Globalization points to combining of countries within the world economy through increased transaction, investment, short term capital flows, and migration of skilled and unskilled workers internationally. This essay describes about changes of employment relations in both advanced and developing countries as a result of globalisation. Globalisation is a process is not a condition or a fact. Globalisation involves two phases. The first phase is about cheap labour for labour intensive production. The second phase is puzzling involves high tech manufacturing and service. Due to global change the employee relations have undergone a sustainable change and the management of human resource have also changed. This paper starts by investigating employment relations in India followed by the employment relations in republic of Korea before and after globalisation. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Now this paper describes about India. The population of India was 1.2 billion in 2008.India got its independence in 1947 before the independence the Indian industries was predominate by private owners they used an autocratic leadership style and the employment relations on those days was in an ad hoc manner. After independence the employment relations scenario was totally different because a large number of industrial enterprises was developed this resulted in industrialization. Due to growth in organisation the one main dominance was left behind, the functions of management are distinguished into different departments. Before globalization Indians made their decisions in management based on interpersonal considerations comparative to task demands. This is due to the reason the Indian management institutes have borrowed western education system. (Budhwar, 2003) Indians were brought up in an environment where they value strong family relationship and they are dependent on others. Indian managers in the past are trained in the west and most of the management institutes in India have adopted western management system. Now this essay discusses about trade unions and collective bargaining in India. In India the trade unions have come across four main phases, the four phases are the early years (1850-1900), the growth years (1900-1947), the militancy phase (1947-1970) and decline phase (1980). (Budhwar, 2003) The trade unions were strong before 1980 after 1980 the trade unions began to weaken. The reasons for failure of unions are the workers to lose faith due to more strikes and they lost the confidence in military trade unionism. In India most of the trade unions in the past are controlled by outsiders like political parties and other persons who were not working in the industry. The collective bargaining in India has come across three periods from 1920 to 1950 and 1951 to 1969 and from 1970 till now. From 1920 to 1950 the collective bargaining was in the early stage and this method was not used for the regulatory labour conditions. In 1951 to 1969 collective bargaining was used to settlement of in dustrial quarrel. When comparing to the developed countries the economic condition in India was less due to this the union workers could not be in strike for a long time. (Budhwar, 2003) Discussing about the employee relations in the state Indian government has proposed four policys over the past like maintain industrial peace and foster trade unions peace. To achieve the policy state has come up with many labour laws but the laws were not successfully implemented. Before the new economic policies the state government encouraged unions instead of cutting down the unions. Due to this reason there were many unions in India. Before globalisation the external trade was 0.44 in 1989 but after the relaxation of economic policies in 1991 the share trade id 0.8 in 2004. But when comparing the trade with china India has grown up less. (Budhwar, 2003) Berore globalization the practise like recruitment, training, promotions and lay off are non generalize. A formal method of recruitment and selection was not followed before globalization. The recruitment was based on word of mouth approach. (Budhwar, 2003) After the liberalisation of Indian economy the law has been proposes that all the new jobs should be advertised properly and process of recruitment should be formal. And also Indian government has created a human resource development ministry at the central government level and there is a large number of professional institutions provide training and development in hr related. The rules as been passed that the new employees should be taken initially as an apprentice this shows that there is a formal and structured approach in recruitment of people in India for organization. (Budhwar, 2003) Globalisation is due to investment of multinational companies in developing countries. According to the World Bank forecast in 2020 India will become as a fourth largest economy in the orbit. After liberalisation of economic policies in 1991 the economy has increased positively. (Jayasuriya, 2008)Due to these developments more foreign firms in advanced countries shows interest of doing business in India. Indian domestic companies are under pressure due to liberalisation and there is an increased level of competition between the domestic firms and MNCs. (Budhwar, 2003) Currently Indian managers are appointing themselves with the new techniques in management and the different phases of the management function which will be helpful in maintaining good employee relation. A research has been conducted in human resource of Indian organisation and they have given a feedback that without the development of human resource, Indian firms will not be qualified to takeover new technology and they cannot competitive with other abroad competitors. (Chishti, 2002) In 1970 new approaches for collective bargaining was developed. From 1970 collective bargaining has moved from enterprise level to the plant level in the country. Due to globalization and increase in multinational companies in India the unions have lost their strengths and reforms. Due to change in economic conditions the unions join with the management now to take a cooperative approach in management decisions. Only two percent of workers in India are under collective bargaining agreements. The collective bargaining is going on shrinking in India. (Chishti, 2002) After liberalised economic policies in India. Many global companies started their plants in India due to globalization the productivity got increased and the employees got higher pay and their basic pay was increased. And the working hours in India is reduced now people in India are working only 48 hours per week. The child labour is reduced in India now people who are above the age of 18 can only work in workplaces. Due to globalisation exploitation of women is more but they are still been paid low. Currently in India there are 150 acts of labour legislation but they are not fully achieved. (Budhwar, 2003) Having discussed about India now this essay discusses about republic of Korea before globalisation and after globalisation. The republic of Korea has a population of 48 million, almost 80 percent of the people are urbanised, and the urbanisation has increased from 30% in 1962 to 80%. The labour force was 22 million in the late 1990 and the participation rate is high and the unemployment rate was not above 2 percent. Korea gross national product has increased due to export oriented manufacturing. Korea is the member of organisation for economic cooperation and development in 1996. In 1997 Korea experienced a financial crisis so it got assistance from international monetary fund. (Bamber, et., al., 2000) In 1945 the liberation was restructured and the left wing ( chun pyung) was banned in 1947 by American military government. The success of Korea industrialisation is due to cheap labour. In 1980 there was a protest by union activist and students against chum doo-hwan government this protest was the turning point of Korean employment relations the government changed is approach from authoritarian to conciliator approach. Before 1987 unionisation was less in Korea due to strong government, after 1987 Koreans unions have grown to be a powerful institution in labour relations. The working conditions of union members are improved by collective bargaining. The collective bargaining was the important tool for the improvement labours. (Bamber, et., al., 2000) There are three levels of Korean unions and they are local unions, an enterprise, and a region. The employees in the work place will be joining in any one of the unions based on their job and Collective bargaining is decentralised in this level. The unionism of Korea has converted, the unions of car companies are affiliated to the Korean trade union congress but they were not officially recognised till 1997. The developments in 1993 are men have removed women in union activity and due to increase in work force of white collar workers, the white collar workers are increasingly unionised. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Korean employers are engaged in different employers association. For example the business which is engaged in export or import there is a membership called Korean foreign trade association. So those who are doing export or import should be the member of this association. The chaebol differentiates Korea from other newly industrialised economy. The bank of Korea says that the top 30 chaebol contributes 95 percent of the total nations GDP and the top company which is contributing to the GDP is Hyundai (Bamber, et, al, 2002). The development of internal labour markets is due to agency of chaebol large scale economies for low cost competition. Chaebol was the reason for government growth strategy particularly due to blue collar workers. In Korea they were following one set approach similar workers doing similar work in similar working conditions were concentrated by chaebol in one place or region. By 1945 the government proposed a legislative structure for the Korean industrial relations . So chaebol cut off the action of unions they also sought their amenability as company unions. The Korean employment undergo fundamental changes after 1987, collective bargaining was decentralised with the drift of defending managerial command. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) The state plays the dominant role in economic growth in industrialization. By 1961 there was a rapid growth in economic role through export led, low cost competition. The state decided the hike strategy of chaebol by range over the business horizontally or vertically. By 1980 the labour laws was rewritten and the unions were alter, and the labour management council act was uttered these acts are passed with the intention making the unions power less and building the labour management linkage non-confrontational. From 1989 to 1993 the wages are increased in Korea for five years where as in 1987 the wages were not given by the government. The wages were given more easily by the public sector then the private sector. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) The trade union act standardised the collective bargaining in Korea. The members in the union can clear the matters regarding employee and organisation. Mostly collective bargaining takes place at the plant level and collective bargaining is the important factor for regulating industrial relations. The labour management council demanded a labour management council should be created and meet four times in twelve months with a company having 50 or more people working. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) In 1997 the national assembly of Korea passed an improved set of reformation to the labour legislation which postponed the relaxation of restriction on layoffs. To reduce the labour cost the employers started to employ contract labours. The contractors are responsible for the welfare of the workers. The unions protest against the legislation of dispatch workers but the employers justify that it should be legalised. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Due to industrialization there is a decrease in agriculture and unemployment. The agriculture in Korea is reducing by 6% percent every year. Even though there is a massive decline in agriculture the education level is increasing in Korea. The largest business group in Korea hired employees through mass examination but before the economies were developed the workers are hired on the basis of relatives of the employees. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) There are many migrants in Korea especially from the Asian countries. The migrants are working mostly in the labour intensive work place where the work for labour is more. Due to the crisis of unemployment the working hours in Korea is been reduced, by reducing the working hours more people are employed and benefited. They Korea respond to the critics by adopting new human resource strategies and senior based reward system, increased use of contingent workers and frequent use of lay off. (Lansbury, et., al., 2004) Globalisation is the major factor for the changes around the world, due to changes around the world there are some changes on the employment relations as well. In nutshell this paper as explained about changes in the employment relations in the developed countries as well as the developing countries and it has described about the changes that have gone through in the period of globalisation.

The Fight Or Flight Syndrome

The Fight Or Flight Syndrome The fight or flight response was coined by Cannon and refers to the physiological reactions that prepare us for a strenuous efforts required by fighting or running away, (Martin, Carlson Buskit, 2010, p 750). There is evidence for and against the modern man/women being ill because of the fight or flight syndrome. For example if the stress is short-term then there will be no adverse effects but if the stress is prolonged that individual could be vulnerable to illnesses; both psychological issues (depression) and physiological problems (heart disease). However, this is dependent on several factors that may act as a buffer against stress such as their self-esteem, coping strategies and other individual differences like personality. Lazarus and Launier (1978) regarded stress as a transaction between stress and the environment, (cited in Ogden, 2012, p 290). There are several physiological responses to stress such as heart rate increase, blood pressure rise, blood sugar level rise, digestion stopping and adrenaline release. These help the body to be alert and ready, therefore whether they flee or fight. Normally after the body is stable, but if the stress is prolonged then it has negative effects. For example, the digestion stopping may cause stomach ulcers; consistent blood sugar rise can cause diabetes and heart rate differences can cause coronary heart disease. This shows how much a person has changed from prehistoric times, where the only response was to fight or run away, to now where modern stressors are complex so this response is no longer appropriate and Cannon saw that it could make a modern person ill, (Martin, Carlson Buskit, 2010). The responses to stress link with Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which has three stages; the first stage is the alarm stage which involves the autonomic nervous system. Then the resistance stage is reached and then the exhaustion stage, where the person/animal loses their ability to adapt and leaves them vulnerable to illnesses (Martin, Carlson Buskit, 2010). This shows that the stress response will be advantageous in the short-term but if the exhaustion stage is reached it can have detrimental effects on that person. However, Selyes theory might not be valid due to generalisation problems; he carried out his study on animals, whose processes and responses are be different to humans (Martin, Carlson Buskit, 2010). There are two main groups of physiological changes. The first is sympathetic activation where a stressor triggers the nervous system in this region to produce adrenaline so this produces the fight or flight response. This activates hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) activity, this is similar to GAS, and this changes the carbohydrate stores and releases endorphins that act as pain relief ready to fight, (Ogden, 2012). This shows how the fight or flight responses in the body can be beneficial short-term. There is evidence for and against the fight or flight response causing the modern man to be ill but the outcome is dependent on factors that could modify the effects. One example is personality; if they have a hardy personality (Kobasa, 1977, cited in Sanders Suls, 1982) or if they strive when stressed it acts as a buffer against stress, (George, Everly Lating, 2002). People with a type A personality (see stress as positive) are motivated by stress and succeed when in this state, (Friedman and Rosenman, 1959, cited in Hayes, 2000). Nevertheless, if the persons personality is opposite then theyre more likely to get ill from stress, therefore helping to prove the statement true. Additionally, their self-esteem can effect this too; a person who has low self-esteem and low global self-esteem (negative evaluation of oneself turns to self-doubt and self-rejection) are more likely to get stressed then a person with high self-esteem, (Schrami, Perski, Grossi Simonsson-Sarnecki, 2010). The se factors make a person less susceptible and therefore helps disprove whether fight or flight responses make people ill. However, some data for this was collected by questionnaire so the findings may not be valid due to social desirability bias. Another factor that can act as modifier against stress is coping strategies. Selk (1973) stated that what makes us ill now is different to what made us ill before, for example more psychological problems occur now e.g. mental disorders (Esch, Stefano, Fricchione Benson, 2002) then physical ones and it depends on how that person deals with their environment, (Klirts Moos, 1974, cited in George, Everly Lating, 2002). A lot of research has stated the importance of social support to act as a buffer against stress, and can help prevent burnout, (Etzion, 1984). For example, good communication with your partner can decrease marital problems and stress. Social support works by motivating the individual and adding need-fulfilment. Women have better interpersonal skills so seek social support and therefore are less prone to stress in this particular way. Norris and Murrel (1990) suggest that low social support and a stressful life event e.g. death of a loved one is more likely to cause long -term stress. However, they state the complexity of the term social support as there are many different varieties and of differing levels. Another coping strategy is to gain a new activity; this gets you out, having fun and keeping that persons mind off the stressor(s) (Norris and Murrel, 1990). This shows that social support is important and lack of it can help to cause the negative effects of stress, (even more so when faced with a stressful life event). Therefore, suggesting that the fight or flight response can make someone ill in the wrong circumstances. However, other things must be taken into account individual differences e.g. what strategy suits them best and if they have a new hobby. Findings from studies show that both cognitive diathesis and the stress component (more environmental causes) go together to help suggest why people get stressed. Research shows that stressful life events trigger the susceptibility to stress; this put with other more biological factors like low self-esteem can make the person more vulnerable. This shows how the diathesis-stress model can help explain that its not just one factor that contributes to the fight or flight response making an individual ill, its a multitude of factors (both environmental and biological) that help explain the negative effects of stress. If its biological causes then some coping strategies used to combat the responses of fight or flight will not work as effectively as treatments that focus on genetic influences e.g. a hereditary hardy personality. However, it might be too early to come to this conclusion because more research needs to be done in this area, but its an effective explanation that takes an eclec tic approach to explain that the fight or flight can have its benefits but with the wrong diathesis and vulnerability to stress can show that a person can be made ill, (Zvolenskya, Kotovb, Antipovac Schmidtd, 2003). Nevertheless, there might be a problem with the fight or flight response itself not the modern day man. It hasnt been updated even though our stress response has changed and ignores research carried out since it was coined by Cannon in the 1920s. It mischaracterised the order in which the responses occur. A new sequence by Gray can explain the responses better for more modern times, it begins with the freeze response so the person/animal remains undetected. Then an attempt to flee and then a chance to fight occurs. Another model is the stop, look, listen approach which might be more valid today and is used in many military operations, which also relates to the freeze response. Additionally, the fright response (tonic immobility) or in other words playing dead is reached. This updates the fight or flight response to be freeze, flight, fight or fright. This revelation shows that there is a problem with the fight or flight response, that its responsible for illness in the modern day ma n/women encountering stress and that it needs adapting to new scenarios that could be encountered now, (Does fight or flight need updating?). The evidence suggests that the fight or flight response can be beneficial, but with the wrong circumstances and if the stress is prolonged then it can make an individual ill. Nevertheless, this can be affected by certain modifying effects for example, if the person has suitable/effective coping strategies. Other aspects of the argument, like whether the fight or flight response needs updating is important to take into account. Its still unclear what causes stress is it biology or environmental causes? Therefore, more research needs to be done on the causes so the treatments can be looked at for reliability and validity. Additionally, then more information will be available on whether the fight or flight response does cause illnesses or is it a positive relationship. [Word count: 1340/1320. Citations- 116.]

Easements: Solar Access Protection Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow :: Essays Papers

Easements: Solar Access Protection Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow At tropical latitudes the sun is directly overhead the majority of the time, therefore, solar access is guaranteed without regulation. However, in the United States, solar access is influenced by many factors including; latitude, time of day, season, and angle of the sun. Furthermore, shade and shadows due to vegetation and structure greatly diminish the productive capacity of solar collection. Unfortunately, the right to unhindered solar access does not accompany land ownership rights in the United States. Federal and state governments encourage uses of alternative energy sources by appropriating funds for research and development of alternative energy technologies and through tax credits. Laws and/or regulations that guarantee landowner rights to solar access are critical for continued application of solar collection. Many states have introduced legislation to protect solar access rights, in effect removing barriers for solar energy utilization. Without legal safeguards, tim e and monetary investments in solar collection are fruitless and unwise. Although protected in ancient Greece, it was not until the 1970s and the OPEC oil embargo that U.S. courts and lawmakers began to create legal protection for landowners right to solar access. Consequently, twenty-four states enacted legislation to protect solar access, largely by recognizing the validity of solar access easements (Bradbrook 1988). This paper will attempt to explain easements and their historical context in terms of solar access rights. Additionally, we will explore the future of solar access regulation and law in terms of what needs to be done to create successful legislation that guarantees solar access for all. Balancing is a key aspect of legal challenges to solar access. This term refers to the balance between the rights of one landowner to use the sun as a source of energy versus the rights of neighboring landowners to fully exercise their private property rights including economic gain as a result of using their land (Charter 1983). Easements are collectively viewed as a mechanism of solar access protection that successfully weighs political, economic and legal concerns (Beaumont and Imperati1984). Easements can be complex especially when dealing with property rights. To simplify our discussion we will consider easements to be a property right transfer, agreed upon in a written covenant that guarantees one landowner a limited right to access a benefit from another’s land.

Terri Schiavo Life or Death :: essays research papers

Terri Schiavo Life or Death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Terri Schiavo is a forty year old women who had a severe heart attack 15 years ago which resulted in brain damage. She had no living will so there is no legal document of what she would have wanted if she became brain damage and couldn’t function on her own but her husband, Michael Schiavo, says that after 15 years of being on a feeding tube she would have wanted to die. The question is should he have the right to remove the feeding tube? Anybody who knows me will know that my answer is no! The reason for that is because I am a Christian and I do not believe in terminating someone’s life. It’s my belief that as long as a persons heart is beating he or she stills has life in them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the New York Times Abby Goodnough and Maria Newman reports that on March 30 that the parents of Terri Schiavo latest appeal was turn down. It stated that one of the judges Stanley F. Birch, wrote that it was in his opinion the special law that was hastily passed by Congress on March 21 was unconstitutional. It was immediately signed by President Bush in hopes that it would help Terri’s parents. He says that it was unconstitutional and violated the principal of separation of powers. I understand under the federal law if there is no living will to determine who is to have custody of a person in this situation, automatically the decision making fall to a spouse or next in Kin. But in this situation where Mr. Schiavo never mention that Terri wanted to be taken off of the feeding tube until 1998, I can see why the law would be completely fair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Chicago Tribune it stated that some supporters of the Schindlers has doubts of Mr. Schiavo ethics and his fitness for guardianship of Terri. They bought forward affidavits from his former girlfriends saying that they swore he confided in them stating he had no idea what his wife’s end-of-life wishes were. Also former care-givers of Terri stated that Mr. Schiavo was abusive to the home nursing staff and expressed the wish that Terri was dead. I feel this evidence is enough to put the feeding tube back in. To have so many people contest want Mr. Schiavo was saying and to just have the courts ignore it over and over again, I feel is unconstitutional.

Much of Christina Rossetti’s poetry has a very depressing and rather :: English Literature

Much of Christina Rossetti’s poetry has a very depressing and rather sombre tone, which can be sometimes used to infer the way in which she viewed life and times, which she was living in. However, despite this sombre theme throughout her poetry it can ... Much of Christina Rossetti’s poetry has a very depressing and rather sombre tone, which can be sometimes used to infer the way in which she viewed life and times, which she was living in. However, despite this sombre theme throughout her poetry it can be argued that it was not only her life that influenced her poetry but also the time in which shewas living. Many historians have suggested that the era in which Rossetti lived was a rather ‘bad’ time, the second half of the nineteenth century was a rather strange period and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement made quite an artistic group. The Pre-Raphaelites, being young, talented, and having many ideas of their own, felt stifled by the rigidity of the Royal Academy's idea of what tasteful, beautiful art should be. The PRB held the haughty belief that the only true great art came from before the 16th century Italian painter, Raphael (hence the society's name). Raphael represented high renaissance, a time when painters, instead of letting their subjects dictate their qualities to the artist, would manipulate the subject into their own ideal of beauty. Thus, all realism was lost. The PRB, with full spirit, denounced this art of idealization, and led the way to produce works based on real landscapes and real models, and paid intense attention to accuracy of detail and color William Holman Hunt, D.G. Rossetti, John Everett Millais, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Thomas Woolner and F.G. Stephens founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB) in 1849. In some ways it was an impulsive venture, the PRB aimed to produce works that were innovative in style and substance, and expressive of direct, sincere feeling. And behind this lay the persistent ambition to be noticed and ‘make a name’. As well as painting, they were also committed to the literary arts, and nearly all the PRBs wrote poetry. These painters had a specific agenda. Instead of painting the typical still-lifes, landscapes and seascapes, they drew their subject matters from medieval tales, bible stories, classical mythology, and nature. Using bright colors on a white background, the artists were able to achieve great depth and brilliance.Although some of Christina Rossetti’s earliest versese were published in The Germ, a magazine produced for a short time by the Pre-Raphaelites, and she sat as a model for several of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s paintings, she was not

Indigenous and Non Indigenous Essay

1. Indigenous people had an extremely close relationship with land. They worshipped and had ceremonies for the land. Without proper management of land it would have been very difficult for aboriginals to survive. The land was like a god to them, it was very important in their culture. Aboriginals didn’t harm the land instead they co operated with it, too help them survive. Aboriginals used land to help them survive, they didn’t use it for business or profits. No one owned the land instead the land owned them. The land was their home. Certain tribes were given specific land. 2. To non-indigenous people the land was no more than dirt on the floor. They owned the land. It was used for business and financial gain. They aimed to get money through selling or cultivating the land. 3. The dreaming is the creation of the universe according to the aboriginals. The indicates a psychic state in which contact is made with the ancestral spirits. It is the concept of moving from a dream to reality which is an act of creation. 4. The dreaming explains the process of creation according to the animals. The ancestors spirits wandered the bare and sparse land and created the landscape. After the creation the spirits turned themselves into rocks or trees or a part of the landscape. 5. Aboriginal spirituality is feeling connected and attached to all that lives and breathes. It is a sense of belonging to the community, land and earth. They believe all objects are living and share the same soul as the aboriginals. 6. The aboriginals spirit/soul will be reincarnated back to earth as another human, plant, animal or rock. 7. Non indigenous people think that land is a possession to them, it can be used for profit or business but to the aboriginals believe the land owns them, it is their mother. The care of the land and water is a very big priority to the aboriginal as the land is their mother, they believe they have a responsibility to look after it. They are connected to the land spiritually, culturally, physically and socially whereas no indigenous land may just be used for financial gain. Aboriginal people tried hard to co operate with the land and live with it but non indigenous people used the land to get personal gains like business. To an non indigenous person the land is no more than what they see but to an aboriginal is more than that, it s where their an sectors and spirits dwell, it is sacred historic landscapes, it is the gift their ancestors preserved and maintained for centuries before it was passed down. it is their mother. For non indigenous people the land is just the area around them or something they own but for aboriginals it is the centre of their culture. They feel a sense of belonging and oneness with the land, they share a spiritual connection. 8. When aboriginal people take care of land, they are taking care of their culture as the management of land is central to the culture. Research shows that aboriginal people get sick when they are removed from their traditional place, examples include the stolen generation (when aboriginal children were taken from their parents by the white settlers in hope of slowly wiping out the aboriginal race). There is a strong link between aboriginals health and land management. It is stated that the health of the indigenous peoples are negatively impacted when they are separated from their land. ANU GEORGE 32 SYDNEY STREET GLEN? ELD SYDNEY 7463 23/11/14 TO THE AUTHORITIES OF THARAWAL LOCAL ABORIGINAL LAND COUNCIL, I AM WRITING TO YOU TO SHARE MY UNDERSTANDING AND VIEWS OF THE MEANING OF LAND TO ABORIGINALS. I ALSO WISH TO ENCOURAGE AND HELP YOU COMPREHEND ON WAYS IN WHICH WE AS COMMUNITY CAN ASSIST THE ABORIGINAL SOCIETY IN CONTINUING THEIR SACRED CULTURE THROUGH MAINTAINING LAND. AS THE TRUE OWNERS OF THE LAND IN WHICH OUR COMMUNITY IS SITUATED ON, THE ABORIGINALS HAVE CERTAIN LAWS AND RITUALS WHICH ARE SACRED TO THEIR CULTURE THAT THEY NEED TO PERFORM. HOWEVER BECAUSE OF OUR COLONISATION IT HAS BECOME EXTREMELY DI*CULT FOR THEM. ABORIGINALS HAVE AN EXTREMELY STRONG RELATIONSHIP WITH LAND. IT IS NOT JUST LAND TO THEM, THEY ARE CONNECTED TO IT SPIRITUALLY, PHYSICALLY, MORALLY AND CULTURALLY. THE LAND IS THEIR MOTHER, IT OWNS THEM. I DON’T THINK WE CARE ABOUT THE LAND AS MUCH AS THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE- TO US ITS EITHER SOMETHING WE OWN OR SOMETHING WE CAN USE TO GET MONEY . THE LAND IS THE CENTRE OF THEIR CULTURE-WITHOUT LAND, THEY WOULD NOT BE THERE ACCORDING TO THEM. RESEARCH EVEN SHOWS THAT SOME ABORIGINALS ARE NEGATIVELY A0ECTED IF THEY ARE SEPARATED FROM THEIR TRADITIONAL LAND. IT IS PART OF THEIR CULTURE TO LOOK AFTER AND RESPECT THE LAND AS IF IT WAS A LIVING THING . DUE TO BUILDINGS, HOUSES, ROADS ETC, IT IS DI*CULT. DESPITE THAT, WE AS A COMMUNITY HAVE A DUTY TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE ABORIGINES NEEDS AND HELP THE PRESERVE THE LAND THAT WAS ORIGINALLY THEIRS. ALTHOUGH MANY OF US WOULDN’T CARE, THE MORE I LEARNT ABOUT ABORIGINAL CULTURE THE MORE I REALISED HOW SACRED THE LAND IS TOO THEM. IF EVERYBODY WAS EDUCATED ABOUT ABORIGINAL PERSPECTIVES OF LAND, I AM SURE THAT THE MAJORITY WILL SUPPORT AND BE CONSIDERATE OF THE WAY THEY ARE TREATING THE ABORIGINALS LAND. THERE ARE MANY WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN WORK IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE ABORIGINALS. IT CAN BE AS SIMPLE AS LOOKING AFTER THE ENVIRONMENT E. G. NOT LITTERING, USING BIODEGRADABLE AND ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS, LOOKING AFTER THE GREENERY AND PLANTS. WE CAN EVEN PETITION AGAINST BUILDING THINGS IN SACRED PLACES. WE CAN PROTECT THEIR BLESSED PLACES BY LEAVING IT ALONE AND STOPPING PEOPLE FROM USING THE LAND. TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE THEIR LAND A â€Å"NO TRESPASSING AREA†. HELP THE ABORIGINALS BY GIVING THEM RIGHT TO THE LAND, ONLY THEY CAN ENTER OR CHANGE THE LAND. THE SACRED PLACES OF THE ABORIGINALS CAN BE MADE OF LIMITS TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC. WE CAN CO OPERATE WITH THE ABORIGINALS SO THAT THE LAND CAN BE USED IN A WAY THAT IS NOT HARMFUL OR DISRESPECTFUL TO THE LAND. CONSULT THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE BEFORE CHANGING OR USING THE LAND. MAKE SURE THAT WHEN CONSTRUCTING SOMETHING NEW, IT WON’T RUIN THE LAND. VOLUNTEERS CAN CLEAN THE LAND. AFTER ALL IT WAS ORIGINALLY THEIR LAND†¦ I STRONGLY BELIEVE THAT IF EVERYBODY WAS EDUCATED ABOUT THE MEANING OF LAND TO THE ABORIGINES, THEY WOULD BE CAUTIOUS AND CONSIDERATE OF THE WAYS THEY TREAT IT. THEY WILL RESPECT THE CULTURE OF ABORIGINALS. THEY CAN BE EDUCATED THROUGH LESSONS IN SCHOOL OR AT WORK. THERE CAN BE A NATIONAL ABORIGINAL CULTURE DAY WERE WE LEARN ABOUT THEIR RACE. EVEN IN THE COMMUNITY, PEOPLE CAN ORGANIZE A LAND CLEANING GROUP. LEA8ETS AND PAMPHLETS CAN BE SENT HOME PROMOTING CIVILISED USE OF THE LAND. PEOPLE CAN GO AROUND COMMUNITIES EDUCATING AND INFORMING OTHERS OF THE MEANING OF LAND TO ABORIGINALS AND HOW WE NEED TO CO OPERATE WITH THEM. IF YOU KNOW OF THE IMPORTANCE OF LAND TO THE ABORIGINALS, SPREAD IT, TELL YOUR FRIENDS AND FAMILY. WE NEED TO REMEMBER THAT THE ABORIGINALS WERE THE TRADITIONAL OWNERS OF THE LAND. WE NEED TO COMPREHEND AND REALISE HOW IMPORTANT LAND IS TO THEM. THE LEAST WE CAN DO IS RESPECT THEIR HELP MAINTAIN THEIR LAND AND BE CONSIDERATE OF THEIR CULTURE. I ALSO HOPE THAT I HAVE GIVEN YOU IDEAS IN WHICH WE CAN ASSIST THE ABORIGINAL SOCIETY IN CONTINUING THEIR SACRED CULTURE THROUGH MAINTAINING LAND. YOURS SINCERELY ANU GEORGE.

Response to the Story “Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self”

â€Å"Beauty: When the Other Dancer is the Self† written by Alice Walker, is a gentle and easy to understand story. It is not that the story is a boring and no highlight. When reading the book, it’s like I am hearing my friend’s story. Alice’s emotion changed totally different before and after the â€Å"accident†. Before the accident, she described herself as if she was the most beautiful and intelligent girl in the world. When Alice was only two and a half years old, when her father was chosen which kids to take with him to the fair, she knew that it would definitely be her, because she was the â€Å"prettiest†.When she six years old, she learned by heart the longest Easter speech. In her beautiful dress, Alice rose to give a speech in a â€Å"great wave of love and pride and expectation†. People praised her to be the cutest things and she was proud about that. The way Alice described herself and how other people applauded and admired her show a very confident and sometime a bit of haughty in her. Two years later, Alice was an eight years old tomboy. Like almost other kids, she was trying to follow whatever her older brothers do. But because she is a girl, so instead of getting a gun, she could only play with her bow and arrow.This is the turning point of the story, when the â€Å"accident† happed and completely changed Alice’s life. She was shot in the eye by the BB gun of her brothers. The doctor said that Alice would likely to be blind, not only one but both eyes. She was terrified but what she care the most is not about whether she could see or not. It is her beautiful that she cared about. She scared how people would look at â€Å"the glop of whitish scar† on her eyes. She was no longer the prettiest and the cutest girl. For six years, Alice did not raise her head and stare at anyone.The scare took everything from her: her beauty, her pride and her person from inside. Alice asked her mo ther and sister whether she changed. What does she really mean by the word â€Å"change†? Her beauty or her personality? The answer was â€Å"no† but this was because Alice’s mother and sister did not want to hurt her or because they really thought that she had never changed? What they saw in her is her personality not her appearance. However, Alice at that time was only a little girl. I do not expect she will care or think deeper about things and people around her.The eight years old girl only cared that people would never admire or applauded her again. To the little Alice, beauty was too important. She hated her eyes, she abused it every night and she â€Å"praised for beauty†. Six years later, Alice was lucky enough to find a good doctor and got her glop removed. This event, on more time, change her life or in another word, her attitude toward life. Alice moved from a closed person who only saw the world with black color into a positive and active pers on. She won the boyfriend of her dream, made plenty of friends and got extremely good result in study.The appearance was no longer important to Alice. She talked about her beautiful classmate with a sarcastic voice â€Å"Ironically, the girl who was voted the most beautiful in our class (and was) was later shot twice through the chest by a male companion, using a â€Å"real† gun, while she was pregnant† Nineteen years later since the â€Å"accident†, Alice was no more a little girl; she had a little daughter named Rebecca. Still, deep inside her, the scare that her different eyes would make her little baby felt ashamed and she prepared herself for that.But no, Rebecca did not scare of her mom. Instead, the baby saw a whole world in that eye. She saw her mother eye as the most wonderful thing on earth. This totally pulled Alice out of the past. She was no more afraid of her difference. She understand that the most cherish thing of a person is not the out-side app earance but it is the beautiful personal inside. Again, Alice saw herself as a beautiful, whole and free person. The story ended with a happy ending that Alice finally found herself and gained back her confident.However, I question myself that what if, Alice was never found such a good doctor, and the scare would never be removed. Will she change? Will she realizes that the inner personality is the most important? Apparently from the story that Alice only changed when she got some part of her beauty back. Maybe because at that time she was just a small girl who did not understand much about life and what is the true value of it. If the scar still there, maybe she would change someday when she grew up and maybe she would never change.

A Chance to Change Something in My Country Essay

If I have a chance to change something in my country – India, then I would suggest increasing green areas in the country by planting more trees. Planting more trees helps the country in many ways. They not only give clean and fresh air to the country but also nice parks for the people. Trees and plants give clean and fresh air. Most of the cities in India are highly polluted. Pollution causes many diseases to the people. I have seen many of my friends suffering from allergies and breathing problems due to high pollution. So it is high time for us to take necessary steps to protect people from pollution. Planting more trees and plants in these cities helps people to get clean air and pollution less environment to live. People destruct forests to materialize the various forest resources like wood from the trees, medicinal plants, animals etc. Due to forest destruction, most of the animal breeds lost their place to live. This in turn has resulted in loss of many animal breeds. Increase in green areas will definitely help the animals for a place to live. Planting more trees also give nice parks for the people. Parks will be a good place for the people to pass their free time, to relax in a natural environment, to get along with the friends, to play and enjoy the nature. They can also be made as tourist destination. Many places in India are suffering due to insufficient rain and water. Growing more trees especially in these areas will help in more rain and weather control. For the above said main reasons, I would suggest to increase the green areas in my country.

Why the Book Was Written

Thesis: Elizabeth Johnson wrote the book â€Å"Consider Jesus Waves of Renewal in Christology† because she wanted to present the changes happening in Christology. Elizabeth Johnson's book, Consider Jesus: Waves of Renewal in Christology book is ordered according to various â€Å"waves† in 20th century Catholic Christology, using these movements as starting points to discuss various areas of historical theology as well. This is based on an historical overview that interprets the history of Catholic Christology as that of a living tradition, always developing in new directions.Chapter six, on liberation Christology, Johnson uses this opportunity to portray the â€Å"either-or† aspect of the person of Jesus, making it clear that the historical Jesus was neither merely a wise sage nor merely a god in heaven . When it comes to the situation of the poor, she says, â€Å"neutrality is not possible† (94), particularly since Jesus is the liberator of the poor, as h e said when he began his ministry.Johnson goes into the area of theology on which she has had the most influence, feminist theology In addition, she points out that during Jesus’ ministry, especially during the crucifixion and resurrection, women acted as faithful apostles in ways that men often did not. In her preface she states â€Å"the purpose was to present the fundamental rethinking taking place in Christology to persons who are actively involved in ministries in the church or who are seeking greater understanding of their faith. † based on this statement I think her purpose for writing this book is to help give believers an open mind in the different areas of Christology.

On-line Demand for Products and Services Assignment

On-line Demand for Products and Services - Assignment Example As the growth witnessed in the online shopping arena continues exponentially, various firms are acquiring new wealth focused on new market opportunities for footprint coverage. Therefore, stores are able to subsequently cater to the vast and continuously growing offshore markets in terms of service requirements and market demands. This is because of the growing influence of the Internet where online consumers need both Internet connectivity and valid payment methods to sustain a complete transaction (de Kare-Silver, 2000:48). In most cases, once a particular item has been identified on a website or in another online platform, an online retailer subsequently uses available shopping cart software. These subsequently allow consumers to continue buying products by way of accumulating multiple items, in addition to being able to adjust the quantities acquired. Through the existing ‘checkout’ processes, payment and delivery information is acquired. Here, some stores allow the customers to sign up for permanent online accounts. This is important because of the need for constant information gathering during an online transaction. This involves sensitive information (Sheth, 2003:23). Online accounts are more secure and hence the preferred choice for frequent online shoppers. As such, information should only be entered once. Some of the dominant online accounts include Shopify, Shopgate, and PrestaShop, osCommerce, Magento, and nopCommerce. High-end solutions can also be bought or rented in the version of stand-alone programs (Huang, 2000:339). This may also work as an addition to an existing enterprise program on resource planning. In the event that a transaction is successfully implemented, online shoppers usually receive e-mail notifications. A less sophisticated avenue involves a process where consumers use email or phones to order their products.  

Advertising and consumer culture, Public Service Annoucement(PSA) Essay

Advertising and consumer culture, Public Service Annoucement(PSA) - Essay Example e political, religious, social, governmental health & safety issues such as smoking campaigns, education campaigns, fitness campaigns, safe driving, gambling awareness, obesity campaigns, safe sex responsiveness and alcohol prevention operations etc. PSAs are released on all media formats including radio, television, mass media, print media, and social media through indoor & outdoor advertisements etc. In a nutshell, public communication campaigns are a purposive endeavor to influence behaviors of larger audience in a short span of time whilst utilizing multiple channels to communicate mediated message with intentions to reap social benefits. There is a universal process across the globe to design PSAs, which entails situational analysis of the cause after which target audience and objective of the campaign are specified. Later on using coherent set of strategies an informational and persuasive message is developed providing information, organization details and tagline of the campai gn. In this assignment, The I Know Campaign has been discussed in detail which was initially created in Los Angeles due to the disturbing rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea dominance among women of color that later on spread throughout America. History of Public Service Announcements dates back to World War II in United States of America when radio broadcasters and other advertising agencies presented their services towards war efforts and in the process war advertising council also came into existence which served as voice of war information to people through radio, print and outdoor advertisements. Later on after World War II, advertising council turned into an institution to serve nationwide campaigns such as "Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires", "Fight Cancer with a Checkup and a Check" and "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Waste" etc. Such PSAs raised public awareness along with raising funds for research too. Now even after 70 years since first Public Service Announcement, no explicit

Differences Between the Disease Model and the Harm Reduction Model Research Paper

Differences Between the Disease Model and the Harm Reduction Model - Research Paper Example Sheff) and his father’s perspective. Both books (Beautiful Boy by David Sheff and Tweak, by Nick Sheff) avail a fascinating perspective on addiction, and how it is a family disease affecting afflicted member, as well as all who interact with the person. The disease model of addiction stipulates that individuals addicted to alcohol and other drugs possess a chronic disease that can never be cured, although it can be contained. The model holds that the ideal outcome for individuals with addiction is total abstinence, since anyone who still uses any quantity of drugs continues to activate the strong cravings for drugs of choice. The disease model defines alcoholism and any other drug addiction as a biogenetic disease in need of treatment. Disease model is less stigmatizing compared to moral model and, thus, represents an advantage. Nevertheless, both models perceive the user as powerless over consumption and emphasize abstinence as the only feasible means of recovery. According to the disease model, chemical dependency represents a psychosocial phenomenon (Wormer, 1999). The disease model comes out as scientifically and morally correct and effective with motivated clients. Disease model perceives alcoholism or any other drug use as irreversible and the drug user as a person having an abnormal condition. Disease model holds that addiction is a biologically-based syndrome embracing psychological and social components that influence its expression. The model holds that predisposition to addiction is invisible and can be inherited. Other assumptions of the model include the premise that addiction remains dormant (in remission) unless reactivated by alcohol/drug use. The model stipulates that if left unattended, the disease becomes progressively worse, leading to disability and death. Disease model holds that disease is generic to all psychoactive substances regardless of the distinct substances that the individual may happen to choose (Marlatt &

Nursing ethics and law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing ethics and law - Case Study Example However, it is not absolute and may be subject to some limitations as far as allowed by the law and Australian Code of Ethics. In the case study at hand, Maria Garza, a nurse practitioner, is faced with a dilemma relating to this aspect of ethical and legal question. She has a young teen, 15 years, who happens to have become pregnant but would not wish to have her mother, among other people, informed of her status. However, the teenager is equally helpless in the sense that she does not know what she would do about her pregnancy and may need to rely on the mother later, more so when the pregnancy complications sets in. The mother on the other hand appears to have taken note of this and has complained and sought an advice from Garza what the problem could be with her daughter, considering her recent frequent nausea and tiredness. Her mother comes in when the nurse is having a session with the daughter, during which she discloses her suspicion and worries to the nurse. 1.1 Main Issue T he main issue in this case is whether or not to conceal and not to disclose the information about a client (patient) that comes into the knowledge of a nurse in the course of her professional attendance to the client. ... The procedure of delivering the chosen course of action, so that neither the mother nor the daughter is harmed also becomes an issue. 1.2 Legal/Ethical Significant Considerations in the Case A number of ethical and moral considerations come into play in this case. Given that the nurse came to learn of Sandy’s pregnancy in the course of her professional duty, it is imperative as a matter of the law and ethics that she keeps it secret and confidential. As already pointed out, disclosing details of the client without the client’s consent or when the law has not permitted is inconsistent with the fundamental duty of confidentiality owed by a nurse to the patient (client). As a duty of the nurse, the correlative of it is that it translates into a right of the client. The Privacy Act (1988) provides that all personal information pertaining to an individual must be kept in trust and not revealed to third parties. In this case, Sandy’s mother may be viewed as a third par ty. Breach of this duty may be actionable in law. However, under the Privacy Act (1988), the duty of confidentiality and safeguard of privacy by those holding private information is not absolute. A professional or any other entity holding the information may disclose it if it is consistent with the purpose for which the information is primarily held or for the secondary related purposes or where the holder of the information is under a legal duty to make such disclosures. In this case, the essence of digging out Sandy’s health complication was to find out how best to have her medical conditions attended to. Given that her low haemoglobin level is attributed to her pregnancy, her parents will have to

Queen Victoria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Queen Victoria - Essay Example Queen Victoria has passed away a little more than hundred years and already she has become the subject of biography more than any other women born since 1800. Walter. L. Arnstein, the famous historian and writer also could not escape the charm, and enigma of the life of this great lady possessed and he also selected Queen Victoria as the subject of his biography. Arnstein tried his best indeed to captivate the political, social, religious and personal life of the Queen Victoria as much as possible. This biography is remarkably different from other works falling into the same canon in many ways. The work is commendable and it is justified too as the biography has been written by a renowned historian and so it is quite expected that the book contains many perspective of her life from the point of a historian. And in craving out the historical aspects and details of her life, Arnstein uses many research materials which focuses on the widely neglected aspects of the Queen’s life a nd reign which most importantly is presented in details maintained by relative brevity of an expert writer (Arnstein, â€Å"Queen Victoria†). ... This fact can be well perceived if one gives a close introspection into the anatomy of the book. The book, â€Å"Queen Victoria† is divided into nine chapters and an introduction. The chapters are culminated according to the events which took place chronologically into the Queen’s life or in other ways are neatly divided into different phases of Queen’s life. The chapters bear the following names which are very much relative to the events and phases of Queen’s life chronologically, ‘The Cloistered Princess’, ‘The Royal Teenager’, ‘The Model of Domesticity’, ‘The Reigning Partner’, ‘Britain’s Champion’, ‘The Reclusive Widow’, ‘The Guardian of the Constitution’, ‘The Imperial Matriarch’ and ‘The Paradoxical Monarch’ (Arnstein, â€Å"Queen Victoria†). The contents in these chapters are evolved from myriad sources that are centerin g round the political and personal life of the Queen as well. The sources include Victoria’s own writings published in many journals and unpublished letters (Christopher, â€Å"Aristocratic Whig Politics in Early-Victorian Yorkshire: Lord Morpeth and His World†). Here, the author provides the Queen with a wide scope to say her story in her own words. Arnstein does so by quoting Victoria at many places which finally clears her stand-point, contention and perspective on different issues. From these personal accounts, the readers are enabled to learn the perspective, thought and vision of the Queen regarding religion, gender, politics and connection with Ireland. The solidarity and preciseness with which the Queen is given the opportunity to unfold her life through her version differentiates this book from the other biographies (Lynn,

Tax Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tax Planning - Essay Example Tax avoidance is the process of planning business transactions in a manner that legally minimizes the amount of taxes due. The four maxims of tax planning are built around the premises of helping businesses work around tax liabilities. 1) Businesses turn over profits to entities that fall within lower tax rates. Reducing tax liabilities can be accomplished through both shifting income to lower-tax rate entities and shifting deductions to higher-tax rate entities. 2) Shift taxable income to a later time period as, in present value terms, tax costs decrease and cash flows increase when the liability is deferred to a later taxable year. This should be done taking into consideration the opportunity costs involved due to shifting income to another year as well as the possibility of tax rate changes in the following year. 3) Due to the differences in state and country laws, it is possible to gain tax advantage by shifting income to a lower-rate tax jurisdiction. This opens up planning oppo rtunities of tax planning for companies which have global presence. 4) By shifting income from business activities to more tax-favored instruments like government bonds, companies can take advantage of preferential tax rates. Businesses, therefore, arrange transactions in such a way that income is shifted to heads which are subject to preferential tax rates. Tax planning thus requires the researcher to consider all fields of income generation and the entity, jurisdiction, time and character of income. An important aspect of tax planning is tax research. Tax research is required to determine the tax consequences of a transaction, either before or after the transaction is done. In case of a closed-fact transaction, the facts surrounding the transaction are recorded and hence, can no longer be subject to the client's control. Conversely, an open-fact transaction is one which the business is proposing to undertake and hence is subject to the client's control. In such cases, a tax adviser can help create facts to support the transaction that will help them influence the tax consequences of that transaction. The role of the tax researcher is to determine the optimal business decisions that its client firm should make, as they relate to tax. When the tax consequences for a firm differ among decision alternatives, tax researchers help to identify the most optimal course of action for management to make in order to maximize their after-tax income. Tax research is a six step process that encompasses all activities required by a researcher to understand the transaction and gather data to support it. The first step involves a thorough understanding of the business transaction and the facts surrounding it. It is important for a tax researcher to acquaint himself with the non-tax features of the transaction before moving onto the tax implications. Once the researcher is done analyzing the non-tax features of the transaction; he moves onto the second step, which is identifying the tax issues suggested by the transaction. The identification of issues lead to formulation of tax research questions. The third step involves the most important component of tax research, which is locating the relevant authority to

Fiscal Policy and Aggregate Demand in the UK Essay

Fiscal Policy and Aggregate Demand in the UK - Essay Example Simply, the monetary policy of the government is to control the liquidity balance in the economy affecting the movement of the macroeconomic variables by adjusting interest rates. On the other hand, fiscal policy is an attempt of the government for influencing the economic activity by changing the level and rate of taxation and government expenditure. (Grant and Vidler, 2000, pp 165-167). In the UK, Bank of England is responsible for controlling and directing monetary movement in the economy with the monetary policy. The Bank of England has the power to set the rate of interest independently along with requirements. In case of fiscal policy, the government itself has taken important steps in strengthening the fiscal policy framework since taking office. The government directs the fiscal policy decisively and confidently for sustaining medium-term public finances based on the authoritarian rules and regulations. If possible the fiscal policy supports the monetary policy regarding the movements of the economic and financial parameters of the country. This balancing approach of the fiscal policy together with the monetary policy endows with the stage of solidity essential for accomplishing the Governments fundamental economic purpose of providing a high and sustainable growth and employment in the economy.